Which type of markings includes runway centerline and designation markings?

The correct answer is related to visual runway standard markings, as this category specifically encompasses the various markings found on runways that are designed for visual reference by pilots. Runway centerline markings, which provide guidance for aligning the aircraft with the runway axis during takeoff and landing, as well as designation markings that indicate the runway's number and direction, are key components of visual runway markings.

Visual runway standard markings are essential for ensuring that pilots can safely navigate and operate on the runway under visual flight rules (VFR). These markings help pilots identify their position and assist in maintaining proper alignment during approach and landing phases.

In contrast to this, the other options refer to different types of markings or standards that do not specifically focus on the visual visual runway markings. Non-precision standard markings would indicate a type of landing aid that is not reliant on precise navigation systems. Aiming point markings are typically more associated with guiding aircraft to descend towards a particular point on the runway during approach, while precision standard markings involve markings used in conjunction with precision instrument approaches. Therefore, the primary purpose of runways in visual conditions is reflected in the visual runway standard markings.